To have done everything

When a patient loses decisional capacity, the responsibility to make treatment decisions often falls on a family member who becomes the surrogate decision-maker. This case study provides an example of a situation where the medical team and the surrogate decision-maker initially disagreed on the best course of action for the patient. The ethicist was called in to lead a guided conversation to help the team and the surrogate decision-maker reach a consensus. This case illustrates the importance of allowing the surrogate decision-maker to ask clarifying questions and process their emotions before making a decision.

Medical ethics teaching in the new undergraduate physiology competency-based curriculum in medical institutions in Delhi: A pilot, feasibility study

Background: Medical ethics teaching has received little attention in India's undergraduate medical curriculum, so the National Medical Commission’s formal inclusion of medical ethics in the new competency-based curriculum (CBME) is creditable. However, the policymakers have left out the most crucial stakeholders — the teachers. This study was conducted to find out how physiology educators in Delhi felt about the implementation of ethics teaching in physiology in the CBME. Methods: This was a pilot, cross-sectional, observational, feasibility study conducted using a questionnaire, involving faculty and senior residents (post-MD) in the departments of Physiology at nine medical colleges in Delhi, conducted over the period from February to October 2020. Results: The response rate was 76% (60/79), of which 40% (24/60) were senior residents and 60 (36/60) were faculty. Around 55% (n=33) felt bioethics and clinical ethics are not synonymous; 53% (n=32) believed ethics education can be accomplished in a large group setting; 75% (n=45) believed it should be the responsibility of the physiology faculty, rather than the clinical faculty, and 61.7% (n=37) wanted it to be included in the formative assessment. The respondents shared ethical concerns that should be included in the physiology curriculum and the best candidates to teach them to achieve integration. Despite the challenges, the majority 65% (n=39) felt ethics in the physiology CBME should be an inseparable part of teaching in all instructional modalities. Conclusion: Early clinical exposure was considered preferable to the Attitude, Ethics, and Communication (AETCOM) programme. Using the five W’s and one H method, we talk about how our findings can be used as a road map to help physiologists teach ethics to medical students in the new CBME.

Views of the taught and the teachers on medical ethics teaching in two universities in Kenya

Medical or clinical ethics provides guidance for health practitioners and has, hopefully, been taught to medical students during training. The teaching of clinical/medical ethics is more important in the current times because of advances in medical science and the different cultural and socioeconomic circumstances in which medicine is practised. This study sought to determine if and how clinical/medical ethics was taught at two Kenyan medical schools by conducting focus group discussions with undergraduate students and key informant interviews with lecturers teaching ethics and academic administrators. While medical/clinical ethics is a part of the medical curriculum approved by the Kenya Medical and Dental Practitioners Council (Board) and is taught during the training, we identified a gap between the theory and application of ethics education. Undergraduates, medical school administrators and lecturers from both institutions acknowledged a lack of role models and mentors, and a need for further training in communication skills since medical ethics has not been made an examinable subject and there has been no formal requirement for training of lecturers teaching ethics. For the short-term, these gaps can be addressed by training lecturers in medical/clinical ethics, and identifying and utilising suitable reference materials, while long-term measures include developing context-appropriate materials for teaching, in addition to nurturing mentorship skills among lecturers for ethical role modeling.

Incorporando la bioética ambiental a los cuidados materno-perinatales para disminuir los riesgos de la pan-sindemia en el proceso reproductivo / Incorporating environmental bioethics to maternal perinatal care to reduce the risks of pan-syndemic in the reproductive process / Incorporando a bioética ambiental ao cuidado perinatal materno para reduzir os riscos de pan-sindemia no processo reprodutivo

Antecedentes: Hasta el momento actual, el abordaje bioético de los cuidados materno-perinatales se proyecta desde la visión integral de la salud bio - psico - social, la perspectiva de derechos humanos y el enfoque de género. En general, no se ha incorporado a los cuidados materno-perinatales la bioética ambiental, que surge de la perspectiva de la salud ambiental; integrando la ética global, la perspectiva de la consiliencia, el derecho al ambiente saludable y la ética ambiental. La actual situación de crisis global por la combinación de la Pandemia COVID 19 y la Sindemia Global, que caracterizaremos como Pan-sindemia, incrementa los riesgos y daños en el proceso reproductivo, sobre todo en las poblaciones vulneradas en sus derechos. Justificación: Es necesario minimizar el efecto de la Pan-sindemia en el proceso reproductivo. En la agenda global, la humanidad debe revertir las causas que provocan la Pan-sindemia. Mientras tanto, los profesionales y equipos de salud deben reformular su rol a la hora de los cuidados materno-perinatales, incorporando a la clínica el derecho a un ambiente saludable para la reproducción. Perspectivas: Las modificaciones en la práctica clínica de los equipos de salud sexual y reproductiva deben orientarse a: - incorporar la bioética ambiental a los cuidados materno-perinatales desde la formación hasta la práctica clínica - desarrollar un abordaje integral de los grandes síndromes obstétricos perinatales, la prematurez y la restricción de crecimiento, para minimizar el impacto de la Pan-sindemia en el proceso reproductivo humano.

Background: Until now, the bioethical approach to maternal perinatal care is projected from the integral vision of bio-psycho-social health, the perspective of Human Rights and the gender perspective. In general, environmental bioethics, which arises from the perspective of environmental health has not been incorporated into maternal-perinatal care with global ethics, the perspective of consilience, the right to a healthy environment and environmental ethics. The current global crisis situation due to the combination of the COVID 19 Pandemic and the Global Syndemic, characterized as Pan Syndemic, increases the risks and damages in the reproductive process, especially in populations violated in their rights. Justification: It is necessary to minimize the effect of the Pan Syndemic on the human reproductive process. On the global agenda, humanity must reverse the causes of the Pan Syndemic. Meanwhile, health professionals and teams must reformulate their role when it comes to maternal-perinatal care, incorporating into the clinic the right to a healthy environment for reproduction. Perspectives: Modifications in the clinical practice of sexual and reproductive health teams should be aimed at: incorporate environmental bioethics into maternal perinatal care from training to clinical practice; develop a comprehensive approach to major perinatal obstetric syndromes, prematurity and fetal growth restriction, to minimize the impact of the Pan Syndemic on the human reproductive process.

Até o momento, a abordagem bioética da atenção materna perinatal se projeta a partir da visão integral da saúde biopsicossocial, da perspectiva dos direitos humanos e da perspectiva de gênero. De modo geral, a bioética ambiental não foi incorporada à assistência materno-perinatal que surge na perspectiva da saúde ambiental; integrando a ética global, a perspectiva da consiliência, o direito ao ambiente saudável e a ética ambiental. A atual situação de crise global devido à combinação da Pandemia COVID 19 e da Sindemia Global, que caracterizaremos como Pan-sindêmica, aumenta os riscos e danos no processo reprodutivo, especialmente em populações cujos direitos são violados. Justificação: É necessário minimizar o efeito da Pan-sindemia no processo reprodutivo. Na agenda global, a humanidade deve reverter as causas que causam a Pan-sindemia. Nesse ínterim, os profissionais e equipes de saúde devem reformular seu papel no que se refere à assistência materno-perinatal, incorporando à clínica o direito a um ambiente saudável para a reprodução. Panorama: As modificações na prática clínica das equipes de saúde sexual e reprodutiva devem ter como objetivo: - incorporar a bioética ambiental ao cuidado perinatal materno, desde o treinamento até a prática clínica - desenvolver uma abordagem abrangente para as principais síndromes obstétricas perinatais, prematuridade e restrição de crescimento, para minimizar o impacto da Pan-sindemia no processo reprodutivo humano.

Factibilidad, eficacia y satisfacción lograda por la intervención transdisciplinaria de un comité de ética clínico-hospitalario. Un estudio cualicuantitativo / Feasibility, effectiveness, and satisfaction achieved by the transdisciplinary intervention of a clinical-hospital ethics committee. A qualitative and quantitative study

Introducción. Las funciones del Comité de Ética Clínica (CEC) son educativas, normativas, consultivas, mediadoras y reflexivas. Como cualquier servicio de salud, las consultas de casos a un CEC deben ser sujetas a revisión y mejora de la calidad. Los objetivos fueron evaluar la factibilidad, la efectividad y la satisfacción de las recomendaciones ético-asistenciales dadas por el CEC, y evaluar su impacto en el equipo tratante y en la familia. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, cualicuantitativo, de casos clínicos presentados en el Comité de Ética Clínica del hospital desde el 1 de enero de 2013 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2017, según datos del libro de actas, historias clínicas, registros de la Oficina de Comunicación a Distancia y entrevistas semiestructuradas al equipo de salud. Resultados. Se analizaron 108 casos (106 pacientes), 73 casos con encuesta y registros, y 35 solamente con registros. Los motivos principales más frecuentes de consulta fueron los siguientes: adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico (46/42,6 %), compromiso neurológico grave (15/13,9 %), calidad de vida del paciente (11/10,2 %), conflictos entre el paciente, la familia y el sistema de salud (7/6,5 %), y rechazo del tratamiento por la familia (6/5,6 %). Se hallaron niveles altos de satisfacción (> 95 %) y niveles moderados de factibilidad (> 74 %) y efectividad (> 85 %). Solo en 50/108 casos (46,3 %) quedó registro en la historia clínica de la consulta al CEC y el 44 % de los profesionales opinó que la consulta tuvo un impacto positivo en la familia y en el paciente. Conclusiones. Los resultados contribuyeron a descubrir oportunidades de mejora, especialmente en la documentación y en la comunicación en el proceso de consulta.

Introduction. A clinical ethics committee (CEC) has educational, regulatory, advisory, mediation, and reflexive functions. As any health care service, the consults with the CEC should be subjected to review and quality improvement. The study objectives were to assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and satisfaction with the bioethical recommendations made by the CEC and assess their impact on the treating team and the patient's family. Population and methods. Descriptive, retrospective, qualitative, and quantitative study of clinical cases submitted to the hospital's CEC between January 1 st, 2013 and December 31, 2017 using data from the CEC minute book, medical records, registries from the Office for Remote Communication, and semi-structured interviews with health care team members. Results. A total of 108 cases (106 patients) were analyzed: 73 cases with survey and registries and 35 with registries only. The main most frequent reasons for consultation were adequacy of therapeutic effort (46/42.6%), severe neurological involvement (15/13.9%), patient's quality of life (11/10.2%), patient-family-health system conflict (7/6.5%), and family's refusal of treatment (6/5.6%). High levels of satisfaction (> 95%) and moderate levels of feasibility (> 74%) and effectiveness (> 85%) were observed. In only 50/108 cases (46.3%), the consultation with the CEC was registered in the medical record, 44% of health care providers stated that the consultation had a positive impact on the patient and their family. Conclusions. Results helped to establish improvement opportunities, especially in terms of documentation and communication in the consultation process.

Hacia un cuidado ético en residencias sanitarias durante la pandemia de COVID-19: estudio cualitativo con migrantes internacionales en Chile / Towards ethical care in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with international migrants in Chile / Rumo ao cuidado ético em residências de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um estudo qualitativo com migrantes internacionais no Chile

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

As dimensões intangíveis da prática assistencial: biopolítica, ética e afeto em sua relação com a clínica / Intangible dimensions of care: biopolitics, ethics and affection in relation to clinical practice / Las dimensiones intangibles de la práctica asistencial: biopolítica, ética y afecto en su relación con la clínica

Este artigo é parte inicial de uma pesquisa realizada em um centro de transplante de medula óssea, do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), cujos usuários são pessoas em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade. Sua proposta é analisar dimensões que atravessam a prática em saúde e não se reduzem a resultados imediatamente mensuráveis, podendo ser chamadas de dimensões intangíveis do cuidar. O objetivo é refletir sobre o encontro profissional-paciente, em sua relação com o adoecimento e a morte, sob o conceito psicanalítico de inconsciente. Para isso, foi realizado o relato de situações vividas no campo denominadas vinhetas clínicas; e, com base nas articulações teóricas elaboradas, consideram-se os vetores da biopolítica, ética e afeto como axiais à assistência. Conclui com a necessidade de propor perspectivas do cuidar que reconheçam a subjetividade concernida à prática assistencial. (AU)

This article is based on the initial stages of a study undertaken in a public bone marrow transplant center for extremely vulnerable people. We analyze dimensions that cut across health care practice not reduced to immediately measureable results, otherwise called intangible dimensions of care. We reflect on the intersection between health professionals and patients in relation to illness and death drawing on the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious. To this end, we document situations experienced in the field called clinical vignettes. Drawing on the theoretical framework, we consider the vectors biopolitics, ethics and affection to be core aspects of care. We conclude that there is a need for approaches to care that recognize the subjectivity of health care practice. (AU)

Este artículo es parte inicial de una investigación realizada en un centro de trasplante de médula ósea del Sistema Único de Salud, cuyos usuarios son personas en situaciones de extremada vulnerabilidad. Su propuesta es analizar dimensiones que atraviesan la práctica en salud y no se reducen a resultados inmediatamente mensurables, pudiendo llamarse de dimensiones intangibles del cuidar. El objetivo es reflexionar sobre el encuentro profesional-paciente en su relación con la enfermedad y la muerte, bajo el concepto psicoanalítico de inconsciente. Para ello, se realizó el relato de situaciones vividas en el campo, denominadas viñetas clínicas; y a partir de las articulaciones teóricas elaboradas se consideran los vectores de la biopolítica, ética y afecto como axiales a la asistencia. Se concluye con la necesidad de proponer perspectivas del cuidar que reconozcan la subjetividad relativa a la práctica asistencial. (AU)

Evaluation of moral intelligence of healthcare professionals via the "Survey for Measuring Moral Intelligence in the Provision of Healthcare Services" / Evaluación de la inteligencia moral de profesionales de la salud a través de la "Encuesta para medir la inteligencia moral en la prestación de servicios de salud" / Avaliação da inteligência moral de professionais de saúde via "Levantamento para Medir a Inteligência Moral na Provisão de Serviços de Cuidados à Saúde"

Abstract: Moral intelligence -through which an individual makes mental evaluation before taking action about a decision- is important in individual-centered healthcare. Using Lawshe Method, we designed the "Survey for Measuring Moral Intelligence in the Provision of Healthcare Services" with "equality", "empathy", "moral intelligence", "justice", "tolerance", "self-control", and "politeness" dimensions (α=.966). Age of the population (physicians and nurses) was 36.44±9.52, consisting 517 (65.5%) women, 538 married participants, 653 employed in public hospitals, and 352 had work experience of 8 hours/day. Using dimensions of this survey as skills is expected to ensure due diligence about rights and dignity in healthcare services.

Resumen: La inteligencia moral, mediante la cual un individuo realiza una evaluación mental antes de tomar medidas sobre una decisión, es importante en la atención médica centrada en el individuo. Usando el método Lawshe, diseñamos la "Encuesta para medir la inteligencia moral en la provisión de servicios de salud" con dimensiones de "igualdad", "empatía", "inteligencia moral", "justicia", "tolerancia", "autocontrol" y "cortesía" (α=.966). La edad de la población (médicos y enfermeras) era de 36.44±9.52, que consistía en 517 (65,5%) mujeres, 538 participantes casados, 653 empleados en hospitales públicos y 352 tenían una experiencia laboral de 8 horas/día. Se espera que el uso de las dimensiones de esta encuesta como habilidades garantice la debida diligencia sobre los derechos y la dignidad en los servicios de atención médica.

Resumo: Inteligência moral -através da qual um individuo faz uma avaliação mental antes de agir frente a uma decisão- é importante em cuidados à saúde centrados na pessoa. Usando o Método Lawshe, nós elaboramos o "Levantamento para Medir a Inteligência Moral na Provisão de Serviços de Cuidados à Saúde" com as dimensões "igualdade", "empatia", "inteligência moral", "justiça", "tolerância", "autocontrole" e "polidez (α=.966). A idade da população (médicos e enfermeiras) foi 36.44±9.52 anos, consistindo de 517 (65.5%) mulheres, 538 participantes casados, 653 empregados em hospitais públicos e 352 tinham experiência de trabalho 8 horas/dia. Usando dimensões deste levantamento como habilidades, espera-se que garanta a devida presteza sobre direitos e dignidade em serviços de cuidados à saúde.

Toma de decisiones en ética clínica y su aplicación a un caso de síndromede enclaustramiento / Decision making in clinical ethics and its application to a locked-in case

La ética clínica, como parte de la bioética, tiene como función ayudar al personal sanitario, al paciente o a la familia en la toma de de-cisiones cuando estas abordan cuestiones éticas de difícil solución. En algunos problemas, esta toma de decisiones se enfrenta no solo a posturas clínicas diversas, sino que también a apremios por parte de familiares -o del mismo equipo médico- que claman por una solución ante casos que entran en el área gris del debate ético. Nuestra respuesta frente a estos problemas ingentes es la aplicación de un método de análisis clínico, el cual, mediante una metodología propia y replicable, pueda orientar la discusión sobre principios comunes y, a la vez, poder evaluar las decisiones clínicas emanadas.Más allá de las respuestas clínicas que se puedan dar frente a casos diversos, no debemos olvidar los fundamentos que la antropología cristiana nos presenta a la hora de ver al ser humano como totalidad unificada. Este criterio debe ser la base que guíe una reflexión que no solo busque criterios de calidad, sino que además valore la inviolabilidad de la vida y con ella la dignidad de cada persona, en especial, en aquellas condiciones de fragilidad como el síndrome de enclaustramiento.

Clinical ethics (as part of bioethics) has the function of helping health personnel, the patient, or the family in decision-making when they address ethical issues that are difficult to solve. In some problems, this decision-making is not only confronted with diverse clinical positions, but also by pressure from family members or the same medical team that clamour for a solution to cases that fall into the grey area of ethical debate. Our response to these enormous problems is the application of a method of clinical analysis which, through its own replicable methodology, can guide the discussion of common principles and, at the same time, be able to evaluate the clinical decisions that have been made.Beyond the clinical responses that can be given to diverse cases, we must not forget the foundations that Christian anthropology presents us when it comes to seeing man as a unified whole, this criterion must be the basis that guides a reflection that not only look for quality criteria but value the inviolability of life and with it the dignity of each person especially in those conditions of fragility, such as locked-in.

¿Es la simulación clínica una herramienta de aprendizaje efectiva en la enseñanza de la ética clínica? / Is clinical simulation an effective learning tool in teaching clinical ethics?

Introducción En la enseñanza de la ética clínica se han utilizado numerosos métodos tradicionales que persiguen el desarrollo de competencias frente a los desafíos éticos actuales. Estas situaciones pueden ser reproducidas en forma estandarizadas mediante la simulación clínica para ser presentadas y evaluadas en el proceso de formación de los profesionales de salud. Sin embargo, se requiere disponer de evidencias sobre su efectividad. Objetivo Identificar y sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre la efectividad de la enseñanza de la ética clínica usando la simulación como herramienta de aprendizaje. Métodos Revisión bibliográfica, con búsqueda en bases de datos PubMed, LILACS y Cochrane usando palabras clave en idiomas inglés y español: "Ethics, Clinical/education" [Mesh]) AND "Simulation Training" [Mesh], sin filtros metodológicos, publicados desde el inicio de cada base de datos hasta julio de 2019, sin restricciones idiomáticas, geográficas o temporales, considerando como desenlace primario: la identificación, resolución o reflexión de problemas éticos. Resultados Se encontraron 116 estudios, de los que 15 cumplieron los criterios de selección; el resto se trataba de revisiones narrativas y artículos de opinión. La población a la cual se le aplicó la intervención era de enfermería, medicina, odontología y un estudio a un comité de ética multidisciplinario. La intervención se ejecutó usando simulación con paciente estandarizado. Sólo dos estudios realizaron comparación con métodos tradicionales y el 60% consideró el desenlace primario de interés con resultados favorables. Conclusiones Hasta la fecha existen pocos estudios y con muy baja calidad de evidencia, que evalúen la efectividad de la simulación clínica en la enseñanza de la ética clínica. Los estudios encontrados demuestran que a corto plazo esta metodología logra que los participantes puedan identificar, resolver o reflexionar sobre los problemas éticos con el uso de pacientes estandarizados. Es aconsejable su incorporación como método de enseñanza y evaluación de la ética clínica, considerando los recursos disponibles.

Introduction In the teaching of clinical ethics, many traditional methods have been used that aim to develop competencies in the face of ethical challenges. Situations that can be reproduced in a standardized way through clinical simulation can be presented and evaluated in the training process of health professionals; however, its use requires evidence of effectiveness. Objective To identify and synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness of teaching clinical ethics using simulation as a learning tool. Methods We conducted a bibliographic review, with searches in PubMed, LILACS and Cochrane databases using English and Spanish: "Ethics, Clinical/education" [Mesh]) AND "Simulation Training" [Mesh], without methodological filters, published from inception of each database until July 2019, without language, geographical or temporal restrictions. We considered as a primary outcome the identification, resolution or reflection on ethical problems. Results One hundred sixteen studies were retrieved. Fifteen studies met the selection criteria. Narrative reviews and opinion articles were excluded. The population to whom the intervention was applied were mainly students in nursing, medicine, and dentistry. A study in a multidisciplinary ethics committee was also included. The intervention was the use of the simulation technique with a standardized patient. Only two studies compared with traditional methods. Sixty percent considered the intervention to have favorable results on the primary outcome. Conclusions To date, there are few studies with very low quality of evidence that evaluate the effectiveness of clinical simulation in teaching clinical ethics. The studies found that, in the short term, this methodology allows participants to identify, solve or reflect on ethical problems by using standardized patients and it seems to be advisable to incorporate simulation techniques as part of the teaching and evaluation curriculum of clinical ethics, to the extent that resources are available.

Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Ethics with the Implementation of Korea's End-of-Life Act / Desafíos y oportunidades en ética clínica con la implementación de la Ley de fin de vida de Corea / Desafios e oportunidades em ética clínica com a implementação do Ato de Fim-da-Vida na Córeia

Abstract: This paper examines the possible impacts of the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life in Korea (Korea's end-of-life act), legislated in 2016, on the development of hospital ethics committees and clinical ethics consultation services in South Korea. Clinical ethics in Korea has not made much progress in comparison to other subdisciplines of biomedical ethics. While the enactment of this law may give rise to beneficial clinical ethics services, it is possible that customary practices and traditional authorities in Korean society will come into conflict with the norms of clinical ethics. This paper examines how the three main agents of Korean society—family, government, and medical professionals—may clash with end-of-life stage norms in clinical ethics, thus posing obstacles to the development of hospital committees and consultation services. A brief outline of what lies ahead for the progress of clinical ethics practice is explored.

Resumen: Este documento examina los posibles impactos de la Ley de decisiones sobre el tratamiento de soporte vital para pacientes en hospicios y cuidados paliativos, o al final de la vida en Corea (Ley de Corea del Final de la Vida), legislada en 2016, sobre el desarrollo de comités de ética hospitalaria y servicios de consulta de ética clínica en Corea del Sur. La ética clínica en Corea no ha avanzado mucho en comparación con otras subdisciplinas de la ética biomédica. Si bien la promulgación de esta ley puede dar lugar a servicios de ética clínica beneficiosos, es posible que las prácticas tradicionales y las autoridades tradicionales en la sociedad coreana entren en conflicto con las normas de ética clínica. Este documento examina cómo los tres agentes principales de la sociedad coreana —familia, gobierno y profesionales médicos— pueden chocar con las normas de ética clínica al final de la vida, lo que plantea obstáculos para el desarrollo de comités hospitalarios y servicios de consulta. Se explora un breve resumen de lo que queda por delante para el progreso de la práctica de la ética clínica.

Resumo: Este artigo examina os possíveis impactos que o Ato sobre Decisões Relacionadas a Tratamento de Manutenção da Vida para Pacientes em Casas de Idosos e de Cuidados Paliativos ou ao Fim da Vida na Coréia (ato de fim da vida da Coréia), aprovado pelo legislativo em 2016, sobre o desenvolvimento de comitês de ética de hospitais e serviços de consulta sobre ética clínica na Coréia do Sul. Ética clínica na Coréia não sofreu muito progresso em comparação com outras subdisciplinas da ética biomédica. Enquanto a promulgação desta lei pode dar origem a serviços de ética clínica proveitosos, é possível que práticas usuais e autoridades tradicionais na sociedade coreana entrarão em conflito com as normas da ética clínica. Este artigo examina como os três principais agentes da sociedade coreana - família, governo e profissionais médicos - podem se chocar com normas de estágios de fim da vida em ética clínica, colocando assim obstáculos para o desenvolvimento de comitês hospitalares e serviços de consulta. Um breve esboço do que vem pela frente para o progresso da prática de ética clínica é explorado.

Clinical Ethic Conference / 医学教育

In the core curriculum for Medical Education, “Ethics and bioethics of medicine” is listed under the heading of “professionalism” . Medical ethics covers research ethics and clinical ethics. Clinical ethics deals with dilemmas encountered in the clinical practice.　When educating students on the four principles of medical ethics (respect for autonomy, beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence), it seems that it is effective for them to learn through experiencing a clinical ethics conference. However, it is difficult for students to experience an actual conference. Tence the in class use of case examples which will be introduced here.　One drawback to this approach is that there are many cases where the ethical dilemma is not clear even when those cases are presented at a clinical ethics conference. It is important to “discover the problem” through conference discussions, and interactions that cultivate ethical sensitivity. This is also one of the major goals of education.

Responsibility: from its conceptual foundations to its practical application in intensive care units / Responsabilidad: desde el fundamento conceptual a la aplicación práctica en unidades de cuidado intensivo / Responsabilidade: de suas bases conceituais para a sua aplicação prática em unidades de terapia intensiva

Abstract: 16. There has been a shift in the language of responsibility because the threat of malpractice litigation is encouraging physicians to assume a more responsible role in caring for their patients. Consequently, instead of paying attention to the moral dimension of this principle, professionals are sometimes much more concerned about legal repercussions. This article aims therefore at analyzing the recent literature on responsibility in intensive care, focusing on its ethical dimension. By analyzing the contributions of Emmanuel Levinas, Hans Jonas and Paul Ricoeur, who placed special emphasis on the theme of "moral responsibility", we will attempt to shed some light on this ethical principle within the specific context of Intensive Care Medicine. This paper underlines the importance of responsibility in order to draw attention to the need to establish an appropriate balance between autonomy and self/other-oriented responsibilities. A tridimensional approach is suggested to frame responsibility within the context of intensive care.

Resumen: 20. Ha habido un cambio en el lenguaje sobre la responsabilidad, debido a que la amenaza de demandas por mala práctica fuerza a los médicos a asumir un rol más responsable en el cuidado de sus pacientes. Por consiguiente, en lugar de prestar atención a la dimensión moral de este principio, muchas veces los profesionales están más preocupados de las repercusiones legales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la bibliografía reciente sobre responsabilidad en cuidados intensivos, enfocándose en la dimensión ética. Al analizar las contribuciones de Emmanuel Levinas, Han Jonas y Paul Ricoeur, que pusieron especial énfasis en el tema de la "responsabilidad moral", tratamos de iluminar este principio ético en el contexto de la Medicina del Cuidado Intensivo. Este trabajo enfatiza la importancia de en dirigir la atención a la necesidad de establecer un balance apropiado entre la autonomía y las responsabilidades orientadas hacia uno mismo o hacia el otro. Se sugiere una aproximación tridimensional para enmarcar la responsabilidad en el contexto del cuidado intensivo.

Resumo: 25. Tem havido uma mudança na linguagem da responsabilidade uma vez que a ameaça de litígio por imperícia está incentivando os médicos a assumir um papel mais responsável no cuidado de seus pacientes. Por conseguinte, em vez de prestar atenção à dimensão moral deste princípio, os profissionais algumas vezes estão muito mais preocupados com as repercussões legais. Portanto, este artigo visa analisar a literatura recente sobre responsabilidade nos cuidados intensivos, com foco em sua dimensão ética. Analisando as contribuições de Emmanuel Levinas, Hans Jonas e Paul Ricoeur, que deram ênfase especial sobre o tema da "responsabilidade moral", vamos tentar lançar alguma luz sobre este princípio ético dentro do contexto específico da medicina de cuidado intensivo. Este artigo sublinha a importância da responsabilidade a fim de chamar a atenção para a necessidade de estabelecer um equilíbrio adequado entre a autonomia e responsabilidades orientadas para si e para o outro. Sugere-se uma abordagem tridimensional para enquadrar a responsabilidade para dentro do contexto de cuidados intensivos.

El horizonte de la atención médica en pediatría: ¿qué hacer en el caso de niños que se encuentran en situación de abandono, conflicto, daño o peligro, aunado a una enfermedad grave? / The horizon of medical attention in pediatrics: what to do in the case of children who are in abandonment, conflict, harm or danger situations in combination with a severe disease?

Resumen: Introducción: Las leyes refieren que los menores no tienen la capacidad para dar su consentimiento informado para su propia atención médica; sin embargo, hay condiciones especiales en las que se les permite determinar lo referente a su salud. Cuanto mayores sean las limitaciones de juicio y experiencia en los menores, menos peso se otorga a los valores y objetivos que expresan; cuanto más adversas sean las consecuencias, se deberá exigir un nivel más alto de autoridad para decidir en nombre del menor, dejando al Estado la capacidad de garantizar el bienestar del menor. Caso clínico: Niña de 12 años con diagnóstico de leucemia linfoblástica aguda LI, con antecedentes familiares y sociales precarios; evolución entorpecida por el desapego al tratamiento y sus condiciones insalubres y pobreza extrema. Ambos padres fallecieron al poco tiempo de iniciar su tratamiento, quedando ella al cuidado de su medio hermana mayor de edad. Se exponen la labor y el dilema ético del oncólogo tratante y del personal del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez en la creación de redes de apoyo con el objetivo de priorizar el bienestar de la menor, sin dar lugar al quebrantamiento y la desintegración familiar, consiguiendo exitosamente su recuperación. Conclusiones: El caso fue sometido al Comité de Bioética Hospitalaria. Se formaron redes de apoyo interinstitucionales para intervenir en la dinámica familiar, resolviendo los requerimientos de la menor, y se consiguió con éxito superar la enfermedad.

Abstract: Background: Laws refer that minors do not have the capability to give informed consent for their own medical attention. However, there are special conditions in which they are allowed to decide about their health. The greater the judgement and experience limitations in minors, the less weight is given to the values and objectives they express. Also, the more adverse consequences might be, the higher the level of authority that is demanded to decide on behalf of the minor, thus granting the State the capability to guarantee the well-being of the minor. Case report: 12-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with precarious social and family background; evolution of the disease obstructed by the disregard of the treatment due to her unsanitary and extreme poverty conditions. Both of her parents died soon after the start of the treatment and she was kept under the care of her half-sister of legal age. The work and the ethical dilemma of the pediatrician and the staff of Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez are exposed within the building of support networks with the objective of prioritizing the minor's well-being, without allowing family break-up or disintegration, thus succeeding in her recovery. Conclusions: The case was submitted to the Hospital Bioethics Committee. Inter-institutional support networks were built in order to improve dynamics of the family, thus solving the needs of the minor. Despite the misfortune of the situation, the disease was successfully overcome.

Study on the Theory and Practical Problem of "Patient Participation" in Clinical Decision Making / 中国医学伦理学

As patient autonomy is increasingly valued and respected in clinic,"patient participation" in clinical decision making has been gradually concerned, while it has been also questioned. Through reviewing the history of the concept of "patient participation", this paper expounded the meaning of "patient participation" in clinical decision making and its theoretical and practical significance from the perspective of deontology and utility theory. On this basis, this paper discussed the main practical ethical issues of"patient participation" faced in our country, including the ability and role of patient participation in clinical decision making, the challenge of"families involvement" in clinical decision making to "patient participation", to solve people' s doubts about the practical application of "patient participation" in clinical decision making.

Discussion on Dilemma and Countermeasures of Ethical Clinical Practice Education for Imaging Medical Students / 中国医学伦理学

This paper expounded the problems and dilemma existing in the ethical practice education of ima-ging medical students, which was the separation between professional education and ethical education, and the sep-aration between medical ethics and medical education, and formed "two layers of skin". This paper analyzed the reason was that the education department and education manager neglected management;the quality of teachers was not high and the ability was weak;students had no enthusiasm and interest in ethical education and lack of medical ethics practice education platform. This paper put forward the strategy of integration of professional and ethical edu-cation, the objective of integration, integration content and the six paths and methods of integration. Namely: the scientific design and organization implementation of education manager;improving teachers' quality ability;paying attention to teachers ' words and deeds to influence students; reforming traditional teaching mode and innovating teaching methods;constructing ethical clinical practice education platform using medical imaging, and constructing education platform of consultation and case discussion.

Application research of Four Topics method in the clinical ethics training of standardized resident training / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Due to the insufficient education of medical ethics and tending to medical moral educa-tion, the residents lack the ability to make ethical decisions. Therefore, we applied Four Topics method in the clinical ethics training of residents. The clinical ethics training was divided into three stages, and each stage had different training content and objectives. Dongyang People's Hospital adopted the form of lectures and panel discussions. During the group discussion, the group leader was in charge of case preparation, which came from clinical practice, and then all members applied the Four Topics method to analyze and discuss the ethical conflicts, and make the ethical decision. Through this process, residents' ability to solve ethical problems in clinical practice was enhanced.

Moderating Effect of Clinical Ethics Consultation on Doctor-patient Relationship / 中国医学伦理学

The differences of feelings and views of disease and logical thinking between doctor and patient lead to differences in values which might result in doctor-patient conflicts,and clinical ethics consultation ease the differences in values or moral conflict between doctors and patients using ethical adjustment function.Compared with the present mediation mechanism of doctor-patient relationship in China,clinical ethics consultation has the characteristics of preventing the doctor-patient conflict or dispute,multi-disciplinary experts' consultation and coping with the doctor-patient contradiction of value-laden.Although clinical ethics consultation has theoretical significance and practical value,it still faces the theoretical challenge of moral relativism,and the practical prob-lems such as competence of ethical committee,consultation effect and support system.

Tomada de decisão em (bio)ética clínica: abordagens contemporâneas / Decision-making in clinical (bio)ethics: contemporary approaches / Toma de decisiones en (bio)ética clínica: enfoques contemporáneos

Tomar decisões diante de problema moral na prática clínica tornou-se aspecto de suma importância para todos os profissionais envolvidos no cuidado da saúde. Este estudo considera esse contexto de incertezas, em que se discutem reais benefícios e acesso às novas tecnologias em saúde, e parte do pressuposto que qualquer deliberação em (bio)ética clínica resulta do princípio de que respeito pelo ser humano é indispensável para o agir correto. Este artigo tem como proposta 1) identificar na literatura alguns dos aspectos que transpassam e angustiam os profissionais de saúde e/ou pesquisadores na prática clínica, e 2) apresentar sucintamente reflexões ou abordagens correlacionadas ao processo decisório em (bio)ética clínica em relação aos casos identificados. O caminho percorrido neste estudo diz respeito à revisão da literatura científica com estratégia de busca definida.

Taking decisions in the face of moral problems in clinical practice has become a very important aspect for all professionals involved in health care. This study considers this context of uncertainty, in which there are discussions regarding the real benefits and access to new technologies in health, and assumes that any resolution in clinical (bio)ethics results from the principle that respect for the human being is indispensable for correct actions. This article aims to 1) identify in literature some of the aspects that cause anguish in health care professionals and/or researchers in clinical practice, and 2) briefly present the reflections or correlated approaches used in the decision-making process in clinical (bio)ethics of identified cases. This study’s process refers to a review of scientific literature with a defined search strategy.

Tomar decisiones frente a un problema moral en la práctica clínica se ha tornado un aspecto de suma importancia para todos los profesionales involucrados en la atención de la salud. El presente estudio considera este contexto de incertidumbre en el que se discuten los beneficios reales y el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías en materia de salud, y parte del supuesto de que cualquier deliberación en (bio)ética clínica se desprende del principio de que el respeto por el ser humano es indispensable para actuar correctamente. Este artículo se propone: 1) identificar en la literatura algunos de los aspectos que atraviesan y generan angustia a profesionales de la salud y/o investigadores en la práctica clínica, y 2) presentar brevemente las reflexiones o enfoques relacionados al proceso decisorio en (bio)ética clínica en relación a los casos identificados. El camino recorrido en este estudio da cuenta de una revisión de la literatura científica con una estrategia de búsqueda definida.

Caracterización sobre la toma de decisiones éticas en las unidades de cuidado neonatal por parte de pediatras y neonatólogos / Characterization of making ethical decisions in neonatal care units by pediatricians and neonatologists / Caracterização em relação à deliberação ética nas unidades de cuidados neonatais por pediatras e neonatologistas

Introducción: Ha aumentado la sobrevida de los neonatos críticamente enfermos, lo que ha llevado a los profesionales encargados del cuidado de estos bebés a enfrentar frecuentemente decisiones éticas. En el presente trabajo se plantea el objetivo de caracterizar las situaciones éticas que enfrentan, el criterio que utilizan y la forma en que se toman las decisiones en los dilemas éticos por parte de los pediatras y neonatólogos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal. Se invitaron a participar 87 neonatólogos y/o pediatras que quisieran contestar de forma voluntaria la encuesta para la caracterización y trabajaran en unidades neonatales de Chía y Bogotá entre el 1 de octubre de 2014 y 31 de enero de 2015, de los cuales aceptaron participar 45 profesionales (51.7%). Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de los datos, utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De los profesionales que contestaron la encuesta, el 100.0% se ha enfrentado a problemas éticos, el 60.0% han recibido algún tipo de capacitación en bioética, 33.0% se apoya en comités de ética, 98.0% tienen algún límite de viabilidad para iniciar reanimar y el 93.0% ha limitado el esfuerzo terapéutico; el 98.0% incluye a los padres en las decisiones y registra la decisión en la historia clínica. Conclusiones: Son frecuentes los conflictos éticos en la unidad neonatal. La mayoría cuenta con capacitación y comité de ética para la toma de decisiones. Entre los especialistas hay opiniones heterogéneas sobre ciertos problemas éticos en las unidades neonatales.

The survival of critically ill neonates has increased, which has led to professional caregivers of these babies to face ethical decisions about it. This paper outlines the aim of characterizing ethical situations that caregivers face, the criterion they use and how decisions on ethical dilemmas are taken by Pediatricians and Neonatologists. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was performed. 87 neonatologists and/or Pediatricians, who work in neonatal care units in Chia and Bogota between October 1 of 2014 and January 31 of 2015, were invited to participate and answer a characterization survey voluntarily, but only 45 professionals (51.7%) agreed to take part in it. An exploratory data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics. Results: Professionals who answered the survey, 100.0% of them has faced ethical problems, 60.0% of them has received some training in bioethics, 33.0% relies on ethics committee, 98.0% has a viability limit to start reanimating and 93.0% has limited the therapeutic effort; 98.0% includes parents in decisions and registers the decision in the medical record. Conclusions: Ethical conflicts in the neonatal care unit are frequent. Most professionals have training and an ethics committee for decision-making. Among the specialists there are heterogeneous views on certain ethical problems in neonatal care units.

Introdução: O aumento da sobrevivência de recém-nascidos criticamente doentes, o que levou a cuidadores profissionais para esses bebês muitas vezes enfrentam decisões éticas. Objetivo: Neste trabalho é caracterizar as situações éticas e os critérios utilizados por pediatras e neonatologistas no jeito como tomam as decisões, frente aos dilemas éticos surgidos. Métodos: O estudo realizado foi de tipo transversal. De 87 neonatologistas e / ou pediatras convidados a participar no estudo realizado entre 01 de outubro de 2014 e 31 de janeiro de 2015, 45 profissionais (51,7%), que trabalham nas unidades neonatais de Chia e Bogotá (Colȏmbia), aceitaram livremente responder as perguntas. Os dados foram estudados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: As respostas da pesquisa mostraram que 100,0% dos professionais tem enfrentado problemas éticos, 60,0% receberam alguma preparação em bioética, 33,0% se apoia na comissão de ética, 98,0% têm um limite de viabilidade para começar a reanimação e 93,0% tem limitado o esforço terapêutico; 98,0% inclui os pais nas decisões e o registra no prontuário. Conclusões: Os conflitos éticos são frequentes na unidade neonatal. A maioria tem formação e conta com a comissão de ética para tomar as decisões. Entre os especialistas há pontos de vista heterogêneos sobre certos problemas éticos nas unidades neonatais.